Lesson content
Read, practise, then check your understanding
Apostrophes mark possession and contractions, not ordinary plurals. Quotation marks enclose direct words according to the chosen style. Hyphens join compound modifiers; en dashes often show ranges; em dashes create strong breaks.
Patterns and examples
- the student’s book / the students’ books
- She said, “I agree.”
- a well-designed course / pages 10–20
- The answer—unexpectedly—was correct.
Notice how form and meaning work together. Read examples aloud, identify the controlling word or clause, and compare them with nearby alternatives before applying the pattern in new writing.
Practice sentences
- Correct apostrophes in three noun phrases.
- Choose hyphen, en dash, or em dash.
After answering, explain the rule in your own words and create one original sentence using the same structure.
Knowledge check
Answer every question correctly to complete this chapter.
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