Concurrency Utilities

ExecutorService separates task submission from thread management. Shut it down deliberately and bound queues/resources according to workload.

Composable tasks

try (var executor = Executors.newVirtualThreadPerTaskExecutor()) {
    Future<Integer> result = executor.submit(() -> 40 + 2);
    System.out.println(result.get());
}

Use a language/runtime version supporting the chosen executor API. CompletableFuture composes asynchronous stages and errors. ConcurrentHashMap, blocking queues, atomics, semaphores, latches, and barriers solve established coordination patterns. Select concurrent structures for compound semantics, not just individual method safety. Always define cancellation, timeout, backpressure, failure propagation, and shutdown behavior.